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Life In the UK Practice Tests
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Chapter 5

The UK Government, The Law And Your Role

This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the UK's democratic system, detailing the development and constitutional institutions that form it. It explains the King's role as Head of State, the composition and functions of both the House of Commons and the House of Lords, alongside the responsibilities of the Speaker, the Prime Minister, and the Cabinet. The chapter further clarifies the electoral system and how to contact elected representatives, while also outlining the powers of the Welsh Assembly, Scottish Parliament, and Northern Ireland Assembly. Moving beyond domestic governance, it introduces the international institutions the UK has joined, such as the Commonwealth, the Council of Europe, the United Nations, and NATO. The chapter then delves into the distinction between criminal and civil law, providing examples, before explaining the duties of the police force and the functions of the various court systems in the UK. It also highlights the fundamental principles of the European Convention on Human Rights and its application within UK law, followed by an overview of the UK's taxation system, including income tax and national insurance, and the requirements for driving a car. Concluding with an explanation of the role of British citizens and residents, it outlines various ways individuals can engage in supporting their communities within this parliamentary democracy, where the monarch serves as head of state.

The development of British democracy

Democracy is a governance system where the entire adult population has a voice, either through direct voting or by electing representatives to make decisions on their behalf.

At the start of the 19th century, Britain's democratic system differed significantly from what we recognize today. While parliamentary elections were held, only a limited segment of the population, specifically men over 21 who met certain property ownership criteria, were eligible to vote.

Throughout the 19th century, the franchise (the right to vote) expanded, and political parties began to welcome ordinary men and women as members. In the 1830s and 1840s, a group known as the Chartists actively campaigned for several reforms, including:

Although the Chartist campaign was largely perceived as unsuccessful at the time, most of these reforms were eventually implemented by 1918. The voting age was subsequently lowered to 21 for both men and women in 1928, after initially being extended to women over 30. Finally, in 1969, the voting age for all adults was set at 18.

The British constitution

A constitution outlines the principles governing a country, encompassing all institutions responsible for its operation and the mechanisms that control their power. It also incorporates laws and conventions. The British constitution is unique in that it is not compiled into a single document, hence its description as 'unwritten.' This is primarily because the UK, unlike nations such as America or France, has never experienced a revolution that resulted in a complete and permanent overhaul of its governmental system. Instead, its most crucial institutions have evolved over centuries. While some advocate for a single written document, others argue that an unwritten constitution offers greater flexibility and fosters more effective governance.

Constitutional institutions

In the UK, there are several different parts of government. The main ones are:

Additionally, devolved governments in Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland possess the authority to legislate on specific matters pertinent to their respective regions.

The monarchy

King Charles III serves as the head of state of the UK and also holds the position of monarch or head of state for several Commonwealth countries. The UK operates as a constitutional monarchy, meaning the King or Queen does not govern the country directly but appoints the government chosen by the people in a democratic election. The monarch invites the leader of the party with the most Members of Parliament (MPs), or the leader of a coalition, to become the Prime Minister. While the monarch holds regular meetings with the Prime Minister and can advise, warn, and encourage, all government policy decisions are ultimately made by the Prime Minister and the Cabinet.

The King ascended to the throne following his mother's passing in September 2022. He is married to Queen Camilla, and his eldest son, Prince William (the Prince of Wales), is the heir to the throne.

The King performs significant ceremonial duties, such as the annual opening of the new parliamentary session. On this occasion, the King delivers a speech outlining the government's policies for the upcoming year. All Acts of Parliament are enacted in his name.

Representing the UK on the global stage, the King receives foreign ambassadors and high commissioners, hosts visiting heads of state, and undertakes state visits overseas to foster diplomatic and economic relationships with other nations.

The King plays a crucial role in ensuring stability and continuity. While governments and Prime Ministers frequently change, the King remains as head of state, providing a focal point for national identity and pride.

The National Anthem

The National Anthem of the UK is ‘God Save the King’. It is performed at significant national occasions and at events attended by the King or other members of the Royal Family. The first verse is:

‘God save our gracious King!
Long live our noble King!
God save the King!
Send her victorious,
Happy and glorious,
Long to reign over us,
God save the King!’

As a component of the citizenship ceremony, new citizens are required to swear or affirm their loyalty to the King.

Oath of Allegiance

"I (name) swear by Almighty God that on becoming a British citizen, I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to His Majesty King Charles the Third, his Heirs and Successors, according to law."

Affirmation of Allegiance

"I (name) do solemnly, sincerely and truly declare and affirm that on becoming a British citizen, I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to His Majesty King Charles the Third, his Heirs and Successors, according to law."

System of Government

The UK operates under a system of parliamentary democracy. The country is delineated into parliamentary constituencies, with voters in each constituency electing their Member of Parliament (MP) during a General Election. All elected MPs collectively form the House of Commons. The political party securing the majority of MPs typically forms the government. In instances where no single party achieves a majority, two or more parties may collaborate to form a coalition government.

The House of Commons

The House of Commons is considered the more influential of the two parliamentary chambers due to its members being democratically elected. The Prime Minister and almost all Cabinet members are also Members of Parliament (MPs). Each MP represents a specific parliamentary constituency, a relatively small geographical area of the country. MPs undertake various responsibilities, which include:

The House of Lords

Members of the House of Lords, known as peers, are not elected by the public and do not represent a specific constituency. The composition and function of the House of Lords have undergone changes over the past 50 years.

Prior to 1958, all peers were either 'hereditary' (having inherited their title), senior judges, or bishops of the Church of England.

However, since 1958, the Prime Minister has gained the authority to nominate individuals as life peers, meaning their peerage lasts only for their lifetime. These life peers typically have distinguished careers in fields such as politics, business, law, or other professions. They are appointed by the monarch based on the Prime Minister's advice, and nominations can also come from leaders of other major political parties or an independent Appointments Commission for non-party affiliated peers.

Since 1999, hereditary peers no longer possess an automatic right to attend the House of Lords; instead, they now elect a limited number of their own to represent them.

The House of Lords generally maintains a greater independence from the government compared to the House of Commons. It has the capacity to propose amendments or introduce new legislation, which are then debated by Members of Parliament (MPs). The House of Lords scrutinizes laws passed by the House of Commons to ensure their suitability and holds the government accountable to ensure it acts in the public's best interest. The presence of peers specializing in particular areas provides valuable expertise for both drafting and reviewing laws. While the House of Commons retains the power to overrule the House of Lords, this power is not frequently exercised.

The Speaker

Debates within the House of Commons are presided over by the Speaker, who serves as the chief officer of the House. This individual maintains neutrality and does not represent a political party, despite being an MP, representing a constituency, and addressing constituents' issues like any other MP. The Speaker is elected by other MPs through a secret ballot.

The Speaker's role includes maintaining order during political debates to ensure adherence to rules. This involves guaranteeing the opposition a specific amount of time to debate issues of their choosing. The Speaker also represents Parliament during ceremonial events.

Elections

UK Elections

Members of Parliament (MPs) are elected during a General Election, which occurs at least every five years. Should an MP die or resign, a new election, known as a by-election, will be held in their constituency.

MPs are elected using a system called ‘first past the post’, where the candidate who receives the most votes in each constituency is elected. The government is typically formed by the party that secures a majority of constituencies. If no single party wins a majority, two parties may form a coalition to govern.

Contacting Elected Members

All elected members are obligated to serve and represent their constituents. Contact details for all your representatives and their respective parties can be obtained from your local library and from www.parliament.uk. MPs, Senedd members (SMs), and members of the Scottish Parliament (MSPs) are also listed in The Phone Book, published by BT.

You can reach MPs by letter or telephone at their constituency office, or at their office in the House of Commons: The House of Commons, Westminster, London SW1A 0AA, telephone 0207 219 3000. Additionally, many MPs, SMs, and MSPs regularly hold local ‘surgeries’, where constituents can attend in person to discuss their concerns. These surgeries are often advertised in local newspapers.

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The government

The Prime Minister

The Prime Minister (PM) serves as the leader of the political party currently in power. This individual is responsible for appointing Cabinet members (discussed below) and wields influence over numerous significant public appointments. The Prime Minister's official residence is 10 Downing Street in central London, conveniently located near the Houses of Parliament. They also have a country retreat outside London known as Chequers. A Prime Minister can be replaced if the governing party's MPs choose to remove them, or if the PM decides to resign. Typically, a Prime Minister tenders their resignation if their party is defeated in a General Election.

The Cabinet

The Prime Minister selects approximately 20 senior MPs to serve as ministers overseeing various government departments. These key roles include:

These ministers collectively form the Cabinet, a committee that generally convenes weekly to make crucial decisions regarding government policy. Many of these decisions require debate or approval by Parliament. Additionally, each department includes other ministers, designated as Ministers of State and Parliamentary Under-Secretaries of State, who manage specific areas of that department's responsibilities.

The Opposition

The opposition refers to the second-largest political party in the House of Commons. Its leader typically assumes the role of Prime Minister if their party wins the subsequent General Election. The leader of the opposition's primary role is to highlight what they perceive as the government's shortcomings and weaknesses. A key platform for this is Prime Minister’s Questions, held weekly while Parliament is in session. The opposition leader also appoints senior opposition MPs as ‘shadow ministers’ who form the shadow cabinet. Their function is to challenge the government and propose alternative policies.

The Party System

Any individual aged 18 or over is eligible to stand for election as an MP, though success is generally contingent on being nominated by one of the major political parties. These include the Conservative Party, the Labour Party, the Liberal Democrats, or parties representing specific Scottish, Welsh, or Northern Irish interests. A small number of MPs, known as ‘independents,’ do not represent any main political party and usually advocate for issues significant to their specific constituency. Major political parties actively seek public members to participate in debates, contribute financially, and assist in parliamentary or local government elections. They maintain branches in most constituencies and hold annual policy-making conferences.

Pressure and lobby groups are organizations that strive to influence government policy and play a crucial role in politics. Some are representative bodies, such as the CBI (Confederation of British Industry), which articulates the views of British businesses. Others campaign on specific issues, like the environment (e.g., Greenpeace) or human rights (e.g., Liberty).

The Civil Service

Civil servants provide support to the government in policy development and implementation, and are also responsible for delivering public services. They are accountable to ministers, selected based on merit, and maintain political neutrality, meaning they are not political appointees. Individuals can join the civil service through an application process similar to other jobs in the UK. Civil servants are expected to perform their duties with dedication and a commitment to the civil service and its core values: integrity, honesty, objectivity, and impartiality (which includes political neutrality).

Local Government

Towns, cities, and rural areas across the UK are governed by democratically elected councils, often referred to as ‘local authorities.’ Some regions operate with both district and county councils, each fulfilling distinct functions, while most large towns and cities are managed by a single local authority.

Local authorities provide a variety of services within their areas, funded by central government contributions and local taxes. Many local authorities appoint a mayor who serves as the ceremonial head of the council. In some towns, a mayor is directly elected as the effective administrative leader. London, for instance, has 33 local authorities, with the Greater London Authority and the Mayor of London coordinating policies across the capital. For the majority of local authorities, elections for councillors are held annually in May. Many candidates for council elections stand as members of political parties.

Devolved Administrations

Since 1997, certain powers have been devolved from the central government to grant people in Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland greater control over issues directly affecting them. The Welsh Assembly (now called the Senedd) and the Scottish Parliament have been in operation since 1999. There is also a Northern Ireland Assembly, though it has experienced periods of suspension.

Policies and laws governing defence, foreign affairs, social security, and most taxation remain under the control of the central UK government. However, many other public services, such as education, are managed by the devolved administrations. Each of the devolved administrations also maintains its own civil service.

The Welsh Government

The Welsh government and the Senedd are headquartered in Cardiff, Wales's capital city. The Senedd comprises 60 members (SMs), elected every four years using a form of proportional representation. Members are permitted to speak in either Welsh or English, and all Senedd publications are bilingual. The Senedd holds legislative power over 21 areas in Wales, including education and training, health and social services, economic development, and housing. Since 2011, the Senedd has been able to pass laws on these subjects without requiring the UK Parliament's approval. The Senedd building officially opened in March 2006.

The Scottish Parliament

The Scottish Parliament was established in 1999 and is located in Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. It consists of 129 members (MSPs), elected through a form of proportional representation. The Scottish Parliament is empowered to legislate on all matters for Scotland that are not specifically reserved to the UK Parliament. Areas where the Scottish Parliament can legislate include civil and criminal law, health, education, planning, and it also possesses additional tax-raising powers. The Scottish Parliament building commenced operations in October 2004.

The Northern Ireland Assembly

A Northern Ireland Parliament was initially formed in 1922 following the division of Ireland, but it was abolished in 1972, shortly after the Troubles began in 1969. The current Northern Ireland Assembly was established soon after the Belfast Agreement (also known as the Good Friday Agreement) in 1998. It operates under a power-sharing arrangement that distributes ministerial offices among the main political parties. The Assembly has 90 elected members, known as MLAs (Members of the Legislative Assembly), who are elected via a form of proportional representation. The Northern Ireland Assembly can make decisions on issues such as education, agriculture, the environment, health, and social services. The UK government retains the authority to suspend all devolved assemblies, a power it has exercised multiple times in Northern Ireland when local political leaders faced difficulties in working collaboratively. The Northern Ireland Assembly building is famously known as Stormont.

The Media and Government

Parliamentary proceedings are televised and documented in official reports called Hansard. Written reports are accessible in large libraries and online at www.parliament.uk. The public primarily obtains information about political issues and events from newspapers (often referred to as ‘the press’), television, radio, and the internet.

The UK maintains a free press, meaning newspaper content is not subject to government control. Some newspaper owners and editors hold strong political views and often run campaigns to influence government policy and public opinion. By law, however, radio and television coverage of political parties must be balanced, ensuring equal time is given to opposing viewpoints.

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Who can vote?

Since 1928, the UK has operated a fully democratic voting system. The current voting age of 18 was set in 1969, and generally, all adult citizens, whether born in the UK or naturalized, are eligible to vote. This right extends to adult citizens of the UK, Commonwealth countries, and the Republic of Ireland who reside in the UK, allowing them to participate in all public elections.

The Electoral Register

To cast a vote in parliamentary or local elections, individuals must be included on the electoral register. If you qualify to vote, you can register by contacting your local council's electoral registration office, which is typically situated within the local council (though it may be elsewhere in Scotland). If unsure of your local authority, you can ascertain it by visiting www.aboutmyvote.co.uk and entering your postcode. Voter registration forms are available for download in English, Welsh, and several other languages. The electoral register undergoes an annual update in September or October. A registration form is sent to every household, requiring completion and return with the names of all eligible resident voters.

Northern Ireland operates a distinct system called 'individual registration,' where every eligible voter must complete their own registration form. Once registered, individuals remain on the register as long as their personal details stay consistent. More information is available on the Electoral Office for Northern Ireland website at www.eoni.org.uk. By law, each local authority must make its electoral register available for public inspection, under supervision. The register is kept at each local electoral registration office (or council office in England and Wales) and can also be viewed at certain public buildings, such as libraries.

Where to Vote

During elections, people cast their votes at designated locations called polling stations (or polling places in Scotland). Prior to an election, you will receive a poll card indicating your polling station's location and the election date. On election day, polling stations are open from 7:00 am until 10:00 pm. Upon arrival, staff will request your name, address, and photo ID. You can verify acceptable photo ID types at gov.uk/how-to-vote/photo-id-youll-need. You will then receive your ballot paper, which you take to a polling booth to complete privately. It is crucial to decide independently who to vote for, as no one has the right to compel you to vote for a specific candidate. You should adhere to the instructions on the ballot paper. Once completed, deposit it in the ballot box.

If reaching a polling station is challenging, you can register for a postal ballot. Your ballot paper will be mailed to your home before the election, allowing you to fill it in and post it back. This option can be selected when you register to vote.

Standing for Office

Most citizens of the UK, Ireland, or the Commonwealth aged 18 or over are eligible to stand for public office. However, certain exceptions apply, including:

Members of the House of Lords are ineligible to stand for election to the House of Commons, but they remain eligible for all other public offices.

Visiting Parliament and the devolved administrations

The UK Parliament

The public has the opportunity to observe debates within the Palace of Westminster from designated public galleries in both the House of Commons and the House of Lords.

To gain entry, you can either write to your local MP in advance to request tickets or queue on the day at the public entrance. Admission is free of charge. Be aware that queues for the House of Commons can sometimes be lengthy, potentially requiring a wait of one or two hours, while entry to the House of Lords is generally easier.

Additional information can be found on the UK Parliament website at www.parliament.uk.

Northern Ireland Assembly

In Northern Ireland, elected members, known as MLAs (Members of the Legislative Assembly), convene at the Northern Ireland Assembly building in Stormont, Belfast. If you wish to visit Stormont, you can obtain information by contacting the Northern Ireland Assembly Education Service (http://education.niassembly.gov.uk/visit), visiting the Northern Ireland Assembly website (http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/visit-and-learning), or by contacting an MLA directly.

Scottish Parliament

In Scotland, the elected members, referred to as MSPs (Members of the Scottish Parliament), meet in the Scottish Parliament building located at Holyrood in Edinburgh (for more details, visit www.parliament.scot). You can acquire information, book tickets, or arrange tours by contacting their visitor services. They can be reached by writing to the Scottish Parliament, Edinburgh, EH99 1SP, telephoning 0131 348 5200, using the freephone number 0800 092 7600, or by emailing visit@parliament.scot.

The Senedd

In Wales, the elected members, known as SMs (Senedd Members), assemble in the Senedd building situated in Cardiff Bay (for further information, see www.senedd.wales). You can book guided tours or reserve seats in the public galleries for the Senedd. To make a booking, contact the Senedd Booking Service on 0300 200 6565, email contact@senedd.wales, or visit www.senedd.wales for an online booking form.

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The UK and international institutions

The Commonwealth

The Commonwealth is an organization of 54 member states, predominantly comprising countries that were formerly part of the British Empire, though some non-former-Empire nations have also joined. It functions as an association where countries mutually support each other and collaborate on common objectives related to democracy and development. The King serves as its ceremonial head. Membership is voluntary, and while the Commonwealth holds no direct power over its members, it does possess the ability to suspend membership. Its foundation rests on the core principles of democracy, sound governance, and the rule of law.

Commonwealth members

The Council of Europe

The Council of Europe, comprising 47 member nations including the UK, is tasked with safeguarding and advancing human rights across these countries. While it lacks legislative power, it formulates conventions and charters, with the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (commonly known as the European Convention on Human Rights) being its most prominent.

The United Nations

The UK is a member of the United Nations (UN), an international body comprising over 190 countries. Established after the Second World War, the UN's primary objectives are to avert conflict and foster global peace and security. Its Security Council, which advises on actions during international crises and threats to peace, consists of 15 members; the UK holds one of the five permanent seats on this council.

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

The UK is also a member of NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization). This alliance consists of European and North American nations committed to mutual defense in the event of an attack. NATO's objectives further include preserving peace among all its member states.

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Respecting the law

A primary responsibility for all UK residents is to understand and adhere to the law. This section will outline the UK's legal system and some of the laws that may impact you. While Britain prides itself on being a welcoming nation, all residents, regardless of their background, are expected to comply with its laws. It's crucial to recognize that practices acceptable in other legal systems may not be permissible in the UK. Individuals who fail to respect the law should not anticipate being granted permanent residency in the UK.

The law applies to every facet of life in the UK. You should ensure you are knowledgeable about the laws relevant to your daily life, encompassing both your personal and business matters.

The law in the UK

In the UK, the principle of equality before the law ensures that all individuals are treated identically by the legal system, regardless of their background or identity. UK law is broadly categorized into two main branches: criminal law and civil law.

Criminal law deals with offenses against the state or society. These are typically investigated by the police or other bodies, like a local council, and offenders are punished by the courts. Civil law focuses on resolving disagreements between individuals or groups.

Examples of criminal laws are:

This list is not exhaustive and does not cover universal crimes like murder, theft, and assault. Further information on UK crime types can be found on www.gov.uk.

Example of civil laws are:

The police and their duties

The primary duties of the UK police include:

The UK's policing system is structured as independent police forces, each led by a Chief Constable. These forces operate separately from the government.

Since November 2012, Police and Crime Commissioners (PCCs) have been directly elected by the public in England and Wales. PCCs are vital in ensuring local police forces are efficient, effective, and meet community needs. They are responsible for setting local policing priorities, managing budgets, and appointing their area's Chief Constable.

The police force is a public service that aids and protects everyone, regardless of their background or where they live. Police officers must obey the law themselves and are prohibited from misusing authority, making false statements, being rude or abusive, or engaging in racial discrimination. Officers who act corruptly or misuse their authority face severe penalties.

Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs) provide support to police officers. While their exact duties vary by area, PCSOs typically patrol streets, engage with the public, and assist officers at crime scenes and major events.

Everyone in the UK is expected to help the police prevent and detect crimes whenever possible. If you are arrested and taken to a police station, an officer will inform you of the reason for your arrest, and you'll have the right to seek legal advice.

Should issues arise, the police complaints system aims to rectify them. Anyone can file a complaint by visiting a police station and writing to the Chief Constable of the relevant force. In England and Wales, complaints can also be made to an independent body at www.policeconduct.gov.uk. For those in Scotland unhappy with how their complaint was handled, contact the Police Investigations and Review Commissioner at http://pirc.scot/. In Northern Ireland, you should reach out to the Police Ombudsman’s Office at www.policeombudsman.org.

Terrorism and extremism

The UK confronts a variety of terrorist threats, with the most significant coming from Al-Qaida, its associated groups, and similar organizations. Other forms of terrorism, such as Northern Ireland-related terrorism, also pose a risk.

All terrorist groups aim to radicalize and recruit individuals, though their methods and reach vary. While these groups garner very little public support, it's crucial for those settling in the UK to be aware of this threat. Ensuring all citizens feel safe is paramount, which includes protection from all forms of extremism – defined as vocal or active opposition to fundamental British values. This encompasses both religious extremism and far-right extremism.

If you believe someone is attempting to persuade you to join an extremist or terrorist cause, you should notify your local police force.

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The role of the courts

The judiciary

The judiciary, consisting of judges, is responsible for interpreting laws and ensuring fair trials. The government cannot interfere with these judicial functions.

Should government actions be challenged as illegal and judges concur, the government must either alter its policies or request Parliament to change the law. If judges determine a public body is not upholding someone's legal rights, they can order that body to change its practices and/or pay compensation.

Judges also resolve disputes between individuals or organizations, covering matters such as contracts, property, employment rights, or accident claims.

Criminal courts

The court systems in England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland are not identical, each having their own unique structures and procedures.

Magistrates’ and Justice of the Peace Courts

In England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, Magistrates' Courts handle most minor criminal cases. Scotland, however, directs such offenses to a Justice of the Peace Court.

Magistrates and Justices of the Peace (JPs) are drawn from the local community. In England, Wales, and Scotland, they typically serve on an unpaid basis and are not required to hold legal qualifications. They undergo training for their role and receive support from a legal adviser. These individuals determine the verdict in each case and, if guilt is established, decide on the appropriate sentence. In contrast, cases in Northern Ireland are heard by a legally qualified and salaried District Judge or Deputy District Judge.

Crown Courts and Sheriff Courts

In England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, serious criminal offenses are heard in a Crown Court, where a judge presides over a trial with a jury. Scotland handles serious cases in a Sheriff Court, which can involve either a sheriff alone or a sheriff with a jury. The most grave offenses in Scotland, such as murder, are escalated to the High Court, where a judge and jury hear the case.

A jury comprises members of the public randomly selected from the local electoral register. Juries in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland consist of 12 members, whereas in Scotland, a jury has 15 members. All individuals summoned for jury service are required to attend unless they are ineligible (e.g., due to a criminal conviction) or provide a valid reason for exemption, such as ill health.

The jury's role is to consider the evidence presented during the trial and then deliver a verdict of 'guilty' or 'not guilty' based on the information heard. Notably, Scotland offers an additional verdict option: 'not proven.' If the jury determines a defendant is guilty, the judge then decides on the appropriate penalty.

Youth Courts

In England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, accused individuals aged 10 to 17 typically have their cases heard in a Youth Court, presided over by up to three specially trained magistrates or a District Judge. However, the most serious cases are transferred to the Crown Court. Parents or carers of the young person are expected to be present at the hearing. Youth Courts are not open to the public, and the names or photographs of accused young people are prohibited from publication in newspapers or use by the media.

Scotland employs a distinct approach known as the Children's Hearings System for addressing offenses committed by children and young people.

Northern Ireland utilizes a youth conferencing system to determine the appropriate course of action for a child who has committed an offense.

The Old Bailey is arguably the world's most renowned criminal court.

Civil courts

County Courts

County Courts handle a broad spectrum of civil disputes. This includes claims for owed money, personal injury cases, family matters, contract breaches, and divorces. In Scotland, the Sheriff Court typically manages most of these issues. More significant civil cases—for instance, those seeking substantial compensation—are heard in the High Court in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. In Scotland, such cases are dealt with by the Court of Session in Edinburgh.

The small claims procedure

The small claims procedure offers an informal method for resolving minor disputes, designed to help individuals avoid significant time and legal fees associated with hiring a lawyer. This process applies to claims under £10,000 in England and Wales, and less than £5,000 in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Hearings take place informally, with a judge presiding in a regular room and all parties to the dispute seated around a table. Small claims can also be filed online via Money Claims Online (www.moneyclaim.gov.uk).

For more information on the small claims procedure, you can contact your local County Court or Sheriff Court. Local court details are available as follows:

Legal advice

Solicitors

Solicitors are legal professionals who provide advice, act on behalf of clients, and represent them in court.

Solicitor offices are found across the UK. When seeking legal assistance, it's crucial to identify a solicitor's area of specialization and confirm their relevant experience for your specific case. Many solicitors advertise in local newspapers. For assistance in finding local solicitors and their specializations, you can consult Citizens Advice (www.citizensadvice.org.uk). This information is also available from the Law Society (www.lawsociety.org.uk) in England and Wales, the Law Society of Scotland (www.lawscot.org.uk), or the Law Society of Northern Ireland (www.lawsoc-ni.org). Solicitors typically charge based on the time dedicated to a case, making it essential to ascertain the likely total cost upfront.

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Fundamental principles

Britain boasts a long-standing tradition of upholding individual rights and fundamental freedoms. These rights evolved over time, stemming from foundational documents like Magna Carta, the Habeas Corpus Act, and the 1689 Bill of Rights. British legal experts and diplomats were instrumental in drafting the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, an accord the UK was among the first to sign in 1950.

Some of the key principles within the European Convention of Human Rights include:

The Human Rights Act 1998 brought the European Convention on Human Rights directly into UK law. This means that the UK government, all public bodies, and the courts are now legally required to adhere to the Convention's principles.

Equal opportunities

UK laws are designed to ensure fair treatment for everyone, prohibiting discrimination in all aspects of life and work. This means you should not be treated unfairly due to your age, disability, sex, pregnancy or maternity, race, religion or belief, sexuality, or marital status.

If you encounter discrimination, you can find further information and support from Citizens Advice or from the following organizations:

Domestic violence

In the UK, domestic brutality and violence are considered serious crimes. Any individual, regardless of gender or marital status (married or cohabiting), who commits violence against their partner can face prosecution. Furthermore, any man who forces a woman to have sex, including her husband, can be charged with rape.

It is crucial for anyone experiencing domestic violence to seek help immediately. A solicitor or the Citizens Advice Bureau can provide information on available options. In certain areas, refuges or shelters offer safe accommodation. The 24-hour National Domestic Violence Freephone Helpline is accessible at 0808 2000 247, and its voicemail service allows for callbacks. More information can be found on its website at https://www.nationalhelpline.org.uk. Alternatively, the Women's Aid website at https://www.womensaid.org.uk is another resource. In an emergency, always contact the police, who can also assist in finding a safe place to stay.

Female Genital Mutilation

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), also referred to as cutting or female circumcision, is outlawed in the UK. Performing FGM or transporting a girl or woman overseas for the procedure constitutes a criminal offense.

Forced marriage

Marriage in the UK requires the full and free consent of both individuals. Arranged marriages, where both parties willingly agree, are permissible.

In contrast, forced marriage occurs when one or both individuals cannot or do not consent to the union. Compelling someone to marry against their will is a criminal offense.

Forced Marriage Protection Orders (FMPOs) were established in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland in 2008 through the Forced Marriage (Civil Protection) Act 2007. These court orders serve to protect individuals from being coerced into marriage or to safeguard those already in a forced marriage. Scotland introduced similar Protection Orders in November 2011. A potential victim, or someone representing them, can apply for an FMPO. Violation of such an order carries a potential jail sentence of up to two years for contempt of court.

Taxation

Income tax

In the UK, income tax is obligatory on earnings from various sources, such as:

The money collected through income tax helps fund vital government services across the UK. This includes everything from maintaining roads and supporting education to financing the police and armed forces.

For most employed individuals, the correct amount of income tax is automatically deducted from their wages by their employer. This money is then paid directly to HM Revenue & Customs (HMRC), the government department responsible for tax collection. This system is known as "Pay As You Earn" (PAYE).

If you're self-employed, you're responsible for paying your own tax through a process called 'self-assessment'. This involves completing and submitting a tax return. Other individuals may also need to file a tax return. If HMRC sends you a tax return form, it's crucial to complete and return it as soon as you have all the necessary information.

You can find more detailed information about income tax by visiting the official government website at www.gov.uk/income-tax. For help and advice on taxes or completing tax forms, you can contact the HMRC self-assessment helpline on 0300 200 3310 or visit the HMRC organization page at https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/hm-revenue-customs.

National Insurance

Nearly all individuals in the UK engaged in paid work, including those who are self-employed, are required to pay National Insurance Contributions (NICs). The funds generated from these contributions are allocated to finance state benefits and services, such as the state retirement pension and the National Health Service (NHS).

For employees, National Insurance Contributions are automatically deducted from their wages by their employer. Conversely, self-employed individuals are responsible for paying their own NICs directly.

Failing to pay sufficient National Insurance Contributions can impact eligibility for certain contributory benefits, such as Jobseeker's Allowance, or the ability to receive a full state retirement pension. Additionally, some workers, particularly part-time employees, may not qualify for statutory payments like maternity pay if their earnings fall below a certain threshold.

More detailed guidance regarding National Insurance Contributions can be found by visiting https://www.gov.uk/national-insurance.

Getting a National Insurance number

A National Insurance (NI) number is a unique personal identifier that ensures your National Insurance Contributions and tax payments are correctly attributed to you. In the UK, all young people receive their NI number shortly before their 16th birthday.

Non-UK nationals living in the UK who are seeking employment, starting a job, or becoming self-employed will require an NI number. It's important to note, however, that you can begin working before you have one. If you have permission to work in the UK, you'll need to contact the National Insurance number application line. Following your application, the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) will send you a letter inviting you to an NI number interview at a Jobcentre Plus. This letter will also specify the documents you need to bring to verify your identity.

For more details on how to apply for a National Insurance number, visit https://www.gov.uk/apply-national-insurance-number. You may be required to attend an interview. The DWP will guide you through the appropriate application process and inform you which documents are necessary to bring to an interview, if one is needed. Typically, you will need documents that confirm your identity and demonstrate your legal right to work in the UK. Crucially, a National Insurance number by itself does not serve as proof to an employer that you have the right to work in the UK.

Driving

In the UK, individuals must be at least 17 years old to drive a car or motorcycle and hold a valid driving licence to operate vehicles on public roads. Obtaining a UK driving licence requires passing a driving test, which assesses both theoretical knowledge and practical skills. A minimum age of 16 applies to riding a moped, and specific age requirements and additional tests exist for operating large vehicles.

Drivers can utilize their driving licence until they reach the age of 70. After this age, the licence remains valid but requires renewal every three years. In Northern Ireland, a newly qualified driver must display an 'R' plate (for restricted driver) for one year following their successful test.

If you possess a driving licence from another country, you are permitted to use it in the UK for a period of up to 12 months. To continue driving beyond this period, you must obtain a full UK driving licence. To verify if your non-GB licence is valid for driving in the UK, visit www.gov.uk/driving-nongb-licence.

If you are a UK resident, your car or motorcycle must be registered with the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA). An annual vehicle tax must be paid, which is not transferable when the vehicle changes ownership. Should a vehicle be parked off-road and not in use, you must inform the DVLA by making a Statutory Off Road Notification (SORN). A SORN cannot be transferred if the vehicle is sold or given to a new owner.

Furthermore, it is mandatory to have valid motor insurance. Driving without insurance constitutes a serious criminal offence. If your vehicle is over three years old, it must undergo an annual Ministry of Transport (MOT) test. It is an offence to operate a vehicle older than three years without a valid MOT certificate. More information regarding vehicle tax and MOT requirements can be found at www.gov.uk.

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Your role in the community

Gaining British citizenship or settling in the UK comes with both responsibilities and opportunities, including the chance for everyone to engage with their community. This section explores some key civic duties and offers guidance on contributing to a better local environment.

Values and responsibilities

While Britain is a highly diverse society, it is unified by a set of shared values and responsibilities that are widely accepted. These include:

Here are a few ways to rephrase those bullet points, offering different tones and levels of detail:

Embracing these values and responsibilities will help you become a more engaged and active citizen.

Being a good neighbour

When you move into a new home, it's a good idea to introduce yourself to your neighbors. Getting to know them can help you feel more connected to your community and even lead to new friendships. Neighbors can also be a valuable source of support—they might help by looking after your pets when you're away or offer tips on local amenities.

To ensure a good relationship, always respect their privacy and try to keep noise levels down. Maintaining a tidy garden and only placing rubbish bins out for collection on the designated days will also help prevent any disagreements.

Getting involved in local activities

Volunteering and actively helping your community are crucial aspects of good citizenship. These actions not only help you integrate and connect with others, but they also foster a better living environment when residents support each other. Engaging in such activities also helps you fulfill your civic duties, like acting responsibly and assisting those in need.

How you can support your community

There are many positive ways you can support your community and exemplify good citizenship.

Jury service

Beyond the right to vote, being on the electoral register also means individuals can be randomly selected for jury service. Anyone aged 18 to 70 (or 18 to 75 in England and Wales) who is on the electoral register can be called upon to serve.

Helping in schools

There are lots of ways to help at your children's schools. You can often assist in classrooms, like by supporting various activities or listening to kids read.

Many schools also put on fundraising events to gather money for extra equipment or out-of-school activities. These might be things like book sales, toy sales, or bringing in food to sell. You might even have some great fundraising ideas of your own! Sometimes these events are organized by parent-teacher associations (PTAs). Volunteering to help with their events or becoming a member of the association is a fantastic way to contribute positively to the school and also make new friends in your community. You can usually find out about these opportunities from notices displayed at the school or notes your children bring home.

School governors

School governors are local community members dedicated to positively impacting children's education. To serve, individuals must be at least 18 years old when elected or appointed, with no upper age limit.

Governors play a crucial role in improving school standards. Their responsibilities include:

If you're interested in becoming a governor, contact your local school to inquire about openings. In England, you can also apply online through the Governors for Schools website at www.governorsforschools.org.uk.

In England, parents and other community groups have the option to apply to open a free school in their local area. You can find more information about this process at https://www.gov.uk/set-up-free-school.

Supporting political parties

Political parties are always happy to welcome new members. Joining a party is a great way to show support for particular views and become actively involved in the democratic process.

Political parties are especially active during election periods. Members dedicate a lot of effort to convincing people to vote for their chosen candidates. This often involves distributing leaflets on the street or visiting homes to ask for support, a practice known as 'canvassing'. Remember, you're never obligated to tell a canvasser how you plan to vote if you prefer not to.

British citizens have the opportunity to stand for office as a local councillor or a Member of Parliament (MP), or their equivalents in the devolved administrations. This offers an even deeper level of engagement in the UK's political life. Irish citizens and eligible Commonwealth citizens may also be able to stand for office.

For more details on how to join a political party, you can visit the individual party websites.

Helping with local services

Many opportunities exist to volunteer with various local service providers, such as hospitals and youth projects. These services often seek to involve local people in decisions regarding their operations. Additionally, universities, housing associations, museums, and arts councils frequently advertise for individuals to serve as volunteers on their governing bodies.

You can also volunteer with the police, potentially becoming a special constable or a lay (non-police) representative. Another option is to apply to become a magistrate. Vacancies for these roles are often advertised in local newspapers or on local radio. More information about these types of opportunities can also be found at www.gov.uk.

Blood and organ donation

Hospitals use donated blood to help a wide range of patients with various injuries and illnesses. The process of giving blood is quick, usually taking only about an hour. You can sign up to donate blood at the following websites:

Many people in the UK are waiting for organ transplants. Registering to be an organ donor can make the decision easier for your family regarding organ donation after your death. You can register to become an organ donor at www.organdonation.nhs.uk. It's also possible for living individuals to donate a kidney.

Other ways to volunteer

Volunteering means contributing to good causes without receiving payment. It offers numerous benefits, such as expanding your social circle and contributing to a better community. Some volunteer roles can help you practice your English or enhance work skills, which may improve your CV when seeking employment. Many individuals volunteer simply driven by a desire to assist others.

Activities you can engage in as a volunteer include:

The UK is home to thousands of active charities and voluntary organizations. These groups strive to enhance the lives of people, animals, and the environment in diverse ways. They range from British branches of global organizations, like the British Red Cross, to smaller, localized charities focusing on specific areas. Examples include charities assisting older people (such as Age UK), those working with children (for example, the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC)), and organizations supporting the homeless (such as Crisis and Shelter). Additionally, there are medical research charities (for instance, Cancer Research UK), environmental charities (including the National Trust and Friends of the Earth), and animal welfare charities (like the People’s Dispensary for Sick Animals (PDSA)).

Volunteers are essential for assisting with their activities and fundraising efforts. Charities often place advertisements in local newspapers, and most maintain websites that detail available opportunities. You can also discover more about volunteering for various organizations at www.doit.life/volunteer.

Numerous opportunities exist for younger individuals to volunteer and earn accreditation, which aids in their skill development. These include the National Citizen Service programme, providing 16- and 17-year-olds with chances to engage in outdoor activities, build skills, and participate in community projects. You can explore these opportunities via the following resources:

Looking after the environment

Recycling as much waste as possible is crucial. Using recycled materials for new products consumes less energy and reduces the need to extract more raw materials from the earth. This practice also minimizes waste generation, thereby decreasing the volume of rubbish sent to landfills.

You can learn more about recycling and its benefits at www.recyclenow.com. This website also provides information on what can be recycled at home and within your local area in England. Similar information is available for Wales at www.wasteawarenesswales.org.uk, for Scotland at zerowastescotland.org.uk, and for Northern Ireland through your local authority.

A great way to support your local community in Britain is to shop for products locally whenever possible. This directly benefits businesses and farmers in your area. Additionally, it helps reduce your carbon footprint, as the products you purchase will have traveled shorter distances.

Opting to walk and utilize public transport whenever feasible is another effective way to protect the environment. These methods of travel significantly reduce the pollution generated compared to using a car.

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